Table of Contents
Preface of the series
Acknowledgements
Perspectives on language and cognition : From empiricism to rationalism and back again
Dominiek Sandra
1. Language and cognition : Defining aspects of human nature
2. Language without mind : Structuralism and behaviorism
3. Language and mind : The mentalist era
4. Language and cognition : A twin pair
5. The contents of this volume
Artificial intelligence
Steven Gillis, Walter Daelemans & Koernraad DeSmedt
1. Introduction
2. A brief historical note
3. The physical symbol system hypothesis
4. Paradigmas for the representation of knowledge
4.1 State-space search
4.2 Logic-based formalisms
4.3 Semantic network formalisms and frames
4.4 Rule-based formalisms
5. Linguistic symbol manipulation in semantic and pragmatics
5.1 Semantics
5.2 Knowledge and intentions
5.3 Utterances in context
5.4 Modeling the user
5.1.1 User modeling and dialog systems
5.1.2 Dimensions of user models
5.1.3 Construction of a user model
5.1.4 Instantiating the user model : Collecting evidence in dialog
5.5 Generating discourse
6. Epilogue
Categorization Eleanor Rosch
1. The classical view of categorization
2. Challenges and alternatives to the classical view
2.1. Grade structure and prototypes
2.2. Non-arbitrariness and coherence of categories
3. Modeling problems and critiques of graded structure
3.1 Mathematical models
3.2 Critiques of graded structure
4. Categories as theories
5. Conclusion
Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication Michel Paradis
1. Introduction
2. Dyshyponoia
3. Right-hemisphere involvement
4. Implicit pragmatic competence and metapragmatic knowledge
5. Inference
6. The legitimacy of sentence grammars
7. Semantics and pragmatics in the interpretation of an utterance
8. Language vs. verbal communication : What’s in a name?
9. Conclusion
Cognitive grammar Ronald W. Langacker
1. Introduction
2. Organization
3. Conceptualist semantics
4. Grammar as symbolization
Cognitive science Seana Coulson & Teenie Matlock
1. Definition
2. History of contributing fields
2.1 Philosophy
2.2 Artificial intelligence
2.3 Psychology
2.4 Linguistics
2.5 Neuroscience
2.6 Current directions
3. Methods
3.1 Methods for investigating behavior
3.1.1 Psychological experiments
3.1.2 Naturalistic observation and ethnography
3.1.3 Linguistic methodologies
3.1.4 Eye-tracking
3.2 Neuroscience techniques
3.2.1 Neuropsychology and lesion studies
3.2.2 Brain imaging
3.2.3 Event-related potentials
3.3 Computational techniques
3.3.1 Coumputational modeling.
3.3.2 Corpus research
4. Issues
4.1 Tte mind ---body problem
4.2 From genes to behavior
4.3 Representation and rationality
5. Cognitive science and pragmatics
5.1 Definition
5.2 Methods
5.3 Issues
5.4 Convergent interest
5.4.1 Word knowledge and cultural knowledge
5.4.2 Mappings
5.4.3 Conceptual integration
5.5 Conclusions

Comprehension vs. production J. Cooper Cutting
1. Introduction
2. The structure of the lexicon
3. Building syntax
4. The speaker as a listener
5. Conclusions

Connectionism Ton Weijters & Antal van denBosh
1. Introduction
2. Connectionist modeling
2.1 Learning within the perceptron
2.2 Backpropagation
2.3 Self-organizing feature maps
3. Connectionist modeling and pragmatics
4. Discussion

Consciousness and language Wallace Chafe
1. Properties of consciousness
2. Foci of consciousness
3. Activation cost
4. Discourse topics
5. Immediacy and displacement
6. Conclusion
Development psychology Susan M. Erwin-Tripp
1. Historical overview
2. The concept of development
3. Major research issues
3.1 Causes of development
3.2 Continuities and discontinuities
3.3 Critical periods
3.4 Individual and group differences
4. Points of view on development
4.1 Biological-maturational perspectives
4.2 Tringgering theories
4.3 Constructivism
4.4 Socialization and learning
5. Methods of study
5.1 Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional studies
5.2 Comparative and ethnographic research
5.3 Individual differences
5.4 Sampling and generalization
6. Pragmatic perspectives on development
7. Some relations of pragmatics to developmental issues
7.1 Source of language development
7.2 Language of reference in relation to cognition
7.3 Effects of talk on thought
7.4 The relation of social development and language
7.5 The development of instrumental language
7.6 Egocentrism, perspective-talking, social cognition and language change
7.7 Play with and through language
7.8 Learning social styles and identities
7.9 Bilingualism and bicultural development
8. Collaborative research potential

Experimentation Dominiek Sandra
1. Theoretical approaches to science
2. Empirical approaches to science
3. Experimentation
3.1 Issues in experimental design
3.1.1 Operationalization of the experimental hypothesis
3.1.2 Independent and dependent variables
3.1.3 Choosing the dependent variable : How to the best tap into the targeted process
3.1.4 The orthogonal experimental design
3.1.5 The concept of matching and the necessity of a control condition
3.1.6 Manipulations within or between participants (or items)
3.1.7 The counterbalancing technique
3.2 The rationale behind statistical significance testing
3.2.1 Basic assumption : the observed difference is due to chance
3.2.2 Calling a result statistically significant is talking a calculated risk
3.2.3 Main effects and interaction effects
3.3 Statistical tests
3.3.1 Types of measurement scales
3.3.2 Non-parametric statistics
3.3.2.1 The chi-squere test
3.3.2.2 The Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test
3.3.3 Parametric statistics
3.3.3.1 Some general remarks
3.3.3.2 The student’s t-test
3.3.3.3 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
3.3.3.4 Measuring the associative strength between variables
4. Conclusion

Language acquisition Steven Gillis & Dorit Ravid
1. Introduction
2. Central issues and main controversies
2.1 Nativism
2.2 Modularity
2.3 Lexical principles
2.4 Empiricism
2.5 Learning mechanisms : Bootstrapping
2.5.1 Distributional bootstrapping
2.5.2 Semantic bootstrapping
2.5.3 Syntactic bootstrapping
2.5.4 Prosodic bootstrapping
2.6 Variation
2.6.1 Crosslinguistic variation
2.6.2 Inter-individual variation
2.6.3 Intra-individual variation
3. Methodologis
3.1 Large-scale corpora collections
3.2 Computer simulations
3.3 Brain imaging techniques
4. Early language development : A quantitative description
5. Early language development : A qualitative description
6. Later language development
6.1 Development during the school years
6.2 The nature of later linguistic acquisition
6.2.1 Developing reflective linguistic abilities
6.2.2 Continuing linguistic development

Metalinguistic awareness Elizabeth Mertz & Jonathan Yovel
1. Introduction
2. Conceptualizing metalanguage
2.1 Metalanguage and object language
2.2 Constitutive and creative functions of metalanguage
3. Metalanguage, metalinguistic activity, and metalinguistic awareness
3.1 The problem of metalinguistic awareness
3.2 Language structure and metapragmatic awareness
3.3 Metapragmatic performance, social power, and cultural context
4. Linguistic/empirical studies of metalinguistic structure, activity, and awareness
5. Linguistic ideology
6. Awareness and intentionality : Cognitive and developmental approaches to metalinguistic activity
6.1 Metalinguistic activity in learning to write
6.2 Metalinguistic awareness in young children and schoolchildren
7. Conclusion : Metalinguistic creativity, awareness, and the social structuring of communication


Perception and language Roger Lindsay
1. Overview and introduction
2. Realitivity and determinism
3.1 Perception, language and higher-order cognitive processes structural constraints upon cognition
3.1 The language-perception interface
3.2 The perception-action interface
3.3 The language-action interface
3.4 The perception-consciousness interface
3.5 The language-consciousness interface
3.6 The consciousness-action interface
4. Conclusions

Psycholinguistics Deminiek Sandra
1. The birth, adolescence, and adulthood of peycholinguistic
2. Major goals
3. Major theoretical models
3.1 The nature of mental processes and representations
3.1.1 The early models
3.1.2 Interactive-activation models
3.1.3 Connectionist models
3.1.4 Exemplar models
3.2 Rules or no rules : That’s the question
4. Major methodologies
4.1 Corpus research
4.2 Experimentation
4.1.1 Chronometric studies
4.1.2 Brain imaging
4.3 Simulation
5. Major research techniques
5.1 Using single words to discover important representation factors
5.2 Priming
5.3 Inducing interference
6. Studies on language perception
6.1 The process of visual word recognition
6.1.1 Process at the prelexical processing level
6.1.1.1 Prelexical morphological decomposition
6.1.1.2 Prelexical phonological recoding
6.1.2 Factors determining the accessibility of a lexical representation
6.1.2.1 Factors affecting the strength of a lexical representation
6.1.2.2 Factors affecting the selection of a lexical representation
6.2 The spelling process
6.2.1 Spelling development
6.2.1.1 Stage models
6.2.1.2 Implicit learning of spelling principles
6.2.2 Experienced spellers : What their spelling errors tell us
6.2.2.1 The effect of relative homophone frequency
6.2.2.2 The effect of words in the proximity
7. Spoken language processing
7.1 Speech perception
7.1.1 Finding the speech sounds
7.1.1.1 Categorical perception
7.1.1.2 Perceptual learning of category boundaries
7.1.1.3 Feedback from lexical representations to phoneme representations?
7.1.2 Finding to words in a sentence
7.1.2.1 The importance of the rhythmical heuristic
7.1.2.2 The contribution of lexical competition
7.1.2.3 The possible word constraint
7.1.2.4 Reliance on statistical regularities
7.1.2.5 Reliance on subtle acoustic cues
7.2 Speech production
7.2.1 Speech error research
7.2.2 Experiments on speech production
7.2.2.1 The picture-word interference paradigm
7.2.2.2 Implicit priming
7.2.2.3 Producing multiple words
7.2.2.4 Models of speech production

8. Conclusion
The multilingual lexicon Ton Dijkstra
1. The multilingual processing system
2. Multilingualism and word recognition
3. Multilingualism and special words : Cognates
4. Multilingualism and special words : False friends
5. Multilingualism and sentence processing
6. The BIA+model and sentence processing
7. Empirical studies on bilingual sentence processing
8. The multilingual lexicon : Present and future research

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